Essential Anatomy and Physiology Components

Essential Anatomy and Physiology Components Mahbubul Alam Task 1 Most of the nutrients in the feed are large molecules that can not be directly absorbed in the gut due to their size or hydrophobicity. The digestive system is responsible for the reduction in the size of these molecules directly absorbable smaller units and the conversion of hydrophilic molecules with hydrophobic complexes. Proper operation of absorption and transport mechanisms is essential for the delivery of products of digestion in human body cells . An abnormality of one of these systems can cause malnutrition even in the presence of adequate nutrition . Functions of Digestive System The task of the digestive system is the physical and chemical breakdown of food. In addition, energy needed by the body , as well as raw materials for growth and repair of body structures come from the food and drink that ingerimos. In the digestion process are the following functions: Test food through the senses of smell and taste, food crushing , dissolution in water, food transport crushed decomposition of food into simple substances with the aid of digestive enzymes, absorption simple substances, and elimination of indigestible residues. Regulation of digestive functions Digestive functions traction and secretion are controlled by two main types of regulation: the nervous regulation and hormonal regulation . Neural Mechanisms Nervous regulation of motor and secretory phenomena uses two types of neural networks : a local system , the enteric nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (ANS ). Nerve receptors are sensitive to various stimuli : the chemical composition of the chime (acidity) , stretching (feeling of fullness ) , etc. . They send impulses to the muscle and secretory cells of the digestive tract via the enteric nervous system consists of the myenteric plexus and submucosal . Neurotransmission is nervous or chemical type ( enkephalins , somatostatin , serotonin, bombesin , neurotensin , etc. . ) .The ANS consists of two contingents of fibers : sympathetic fibers that run along blood vessels, and the parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve. These two contingents have antagonistic actions: roughly, sympathetic fibers are inhibitory while the parasympathetic fibers are excitatory . Structure Core Structures : Mouth, pharynx , esophagus , stomach thin intestine , Ano Associated structures : salivary glands ( three pairs ) , Pancreas , Liver, Gall Bladder ( with their associated ducts) , and Appendix. Process The substances that the body needs are absorbed from food , it passes through the digestive system. When chewing food, it is moistened by saliva. As food is sufficiently fragmented and wet mouth are pushed by the tongue into the pharynx and swallowed. The muscles in the walls of the esophagus contract and relax to cause movement in waves, known as peristalsis, which lowers food into the stomach. In this , mixed with acidic juices produced by the wall of the organ. These juices facilitate the fragmentation of food in even smaller particles , the muscles of the stomach wall also contract , and facilitating the greater fragmentation. Thereafter , they pass into the small intestine where certain products contained in the digestive juices , known enzymes continue the degradation of food in nutritional components which are absorbed by the blood through the walls of the small intestine. Leftover food particles , which are not digested in the small intestine pass into the large intestine where water is absorbed. The remaining food is a partially solid waste is gradually propelled along the large intestine and takes the form of feces reach the rectum. The depositions are stored in the terminal portion of the digestive tract and are then expelled through the anus. Anatomy The esophagus is a tube or membranous muscle that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. Incisors to cardia ( portion continues where the esophagus and stomach) there are about 40 cm. Esophagus begins at the neck, chest and traverses into the abdomen through the esophageal orifice diaphragm . Usually it is a virtual cavity ( ie that its walls are joined and only open when the bolus passes ) . Measure reaches the esophagus 25 cm and has a structure consisting of two layers of muscles which allow contraction and relaxation of the esophagus downward . These waves are called peristalsis and is causing the progress of food into the stomach. Its just a passage of the bolus , and is the union of different holes , oral , nasal , ear and larynx. Stomach: The stomach is an organ so that varies depending on the state of repletion (amount of nutritional content present in the gastric cavity) that is usually shaped J. It consists of several parts that are: fundus, body, antrum and pylorus. Its less extensive edge is called the lesser curvature and a larger curvature. The cardia is the boundary between the esophagus and stomach and pylorus is the boundary between the stomach and duodenum. In an individual measures approximately 25cm cardia to the pylorus and the transverse diameter is 12cm. To see what is inside the stomach click here. Small intestine: The small intestine begins at the pylorus and ends at the ileoceal valve, which is attached to the first part of the large intestine. Its length is variable and its size gradually decreases from its origin to the ileocecal valve. The duodenum, which is part of the small intestine, is about 25 to 30 cm in length, the small intestine consists of a proximal portion and a distal jejunum or the ileum, the boundary between the two portions is not very apparent. The duodenum joins the jejunum after 30cm from the pylorus. The jejunum-ileum is part of the small intestine that is characterized by relatively fixed ends: The first originates in the duodenum and the second is limited to the ileocecal valve and first portion of the blind. Its size decreases slowly but progressively towards the large intestine. The boundary between the jejunum and ileum is not noticeable. The small intestine villi has numerous surface increasing intestinal absorption of nutrients. Intestine: The large intestine . starts from the ileocecal valve in a blind pouch called from where the vermiform appendix and ends at the rectum . From the cecum to the rectum describes a series of curves , forming a frame in the center of the handles are yeyunoà ­leon . Its length is variable between 120 and 160 cm , and its size gradually reduces , being narrower in the region where it joins portion rectum or rectosigmoid junction, where the diameter is usually not exceed 3 cm , while the blind is 6 or 7 cm. After the blind , the second portion of the large intestine is called as ascending colon, with a length of 15cm , to give rise to the third portion which is the transverse colon with an average length of 50 cm , resulting in a fourth portion which is the descending colon 10cm in length. Finally differs sigmoid , colon rectum and anus . The rectum is the last part of the digestive tract. It is the continuation of the sigmoid colon and ends up opening up to the outside through the anal opening . Pancreas: Gland is intimately related to the duodenum, the excretory duct of the pancreas, which ends meet with the bile through the ampulla of Vater, their secretions areimportant in the digestion of food . Liver: The liver is the largest internal organ of the body weighs 1500 grams. It consists of two lobes. The bile ducts are the excretory ducts of the liver , bile for them is driven into the duodenum . normally get two channels: left and right , that converge together to form a single duct . the hepatic duct receives a finer duct, cystic duct coming from the gallbladder housed in the visceral side of liver. Meeting of the cystic duct and the hepatic bile duct , descending duodenum , into which together with the excretory duct of the pancreas is formed. The gallbladder is a reservoir musculomembranous shunted on the main bile duct. It contains about 50-60 cm3 of bile. Is oval or slightly pear-shaped , and its major diameter is about 8 to 10 cm . Spleen: The spleen , for its main functions should be considered an organ of the circulatory system. Its size depends on the amount of blood contained therein. Digestive Physiology The gastrointestinal tract is responsible for the digestion of the ingested food , so that they can be used by the body . The process of digestion begins in the mouth where food is covered by saliva , crushed and divided by the action of chewing and once formed the bolus swallowed . The stomach is not an essential organ for life, for though his removal in man and animals cause certain digestive disorders, not fundamentally affect health. In humans , the essential function of the stomach to reduce food to a semi-fluid mass of uniform consistency called chyme , which then passes into the duodenum . The stomach also acts as a temporary reservoir for the acid foods and their secretions , has some antibacterial action. The chyme passes the pylorus and enters the duodenum intervals where it is transformed by the secretions of the pancreas , small intestine and liver was continued digestion and absorption. Chyme is progressing through the small intestine until it reaches the large intestine. The ileocecal valve too fast hinders the emptying of the small intestine and prevents reflux of the contents of the large intestine to the small intestine. The main function of the large intestine is the formation , transport and disposal of feces. A very important function is to absorb water. In the cecum and ascending colon faeces are almost liquid and that is where the greatest amount of water and some dissolved substances are absorbed, but also in more distal regions ( rectum and sigmoid colon) liquids are absorbed. Digestion and absorption Digestion of food is effected by hydrolysis using digestive enzymes and cofactors such as hydrochloric acid or bile . Cofactors are also involved in the mechanisms of absorption. Enzymes are of 2 types: exoenzymes and endoenzymes. Digestive enzymes are exoenzymes mainly synthesized by specialized cells of the mouth, stomach , pancreas or small intestine and that are released in the digestive light to catalyze the hydrolysis of the food to the outside of the cell .The enzymes are endoenzymes localized on the membrane lipoproteins digestive mucosal cells . The connection to their substrate therefore when those latter penetrate into the cell. Ingested food are absorbed about 95%. The water , inorganic salts , monosaccharides , vitamins and alcohol are absorbed without change. As against , disaccharides , polysaccharides , lipids and proteins are to be transformed by hydrolysis into simpler components before being absorbed. Factors influencing the digestion Psychological factors: The appearance, smell and taste of food served modifies the emotional climate during the meal which influences the digestion of ingested food. Indeed , salivary secretions , gastric , etc. . and alter motility of the digestive tract . Emotions such as fear , anxiety or anxiety act via the hypothalamus and the autonomic nervous system affect digestion by reducing secretions , inhibition of peristalsis and increased sphincter tone . Bacterial action . The intestinal flora is a complex community with over 100 different species. At birth, the gastrointestinal tract is sterile, but many species rapidly colonize the digestive tract. Lactobacillus is the main bacteria flora until the child gets a varied diet . Then Escherichia coli dominant in the terminal ileum , and the anaerobic flora in the colon appears . However, the number of lactobacilli persist in subjects taking a normal diet. In the stomach , hydrochloric acid (HCl ) has a bactericidal action , which destroys most bacteria in the gastric acid chyme . In hyposà ©crà ©tion gastric cases, bacterial overgrowth can be responsible for gastritis resulting in inflammation of the mucosa. In the colon , bacterial action is more intense. It leads to the formation of gas (H2 , CO2 , CH4 , O2, NH3 , etc . ) , Acids ( lactic , acetic , etc . ) , And many other substances ( indoles , phenols , etc. . ) . The smell of feces is related to many of these components. The meal ingestion alters the fecal flora in very different ways depending on the individual . The ingestion of carbohydrate fermentation tends to increase while the increase of protein putrefaction . Effects of food preparation and meal composition . Cooking makes them more easily digestible : cooking meat relaxes connective tissue, facilitates chewing making it more accessible to digestive juices tissues. A heat load and composition equal meals low volume and more can be better digested than lavish meals . The chemical reactions during cooking alter food digestion . Acrolein produced by frying foods at elevated temperature, delays gastric emptying . Instead, meat extract ( bouillon ) stimulate digestion . Finally, there is a wide variation within and between individual sensitivity to food, their physical properties (temperature , acidity, etc. . ) That is frequently associated with the state of repletion of the digestive tract . Task 2 The Endocrine System and Its Working The endocrine system is a term for all the organs and tissues that produce hormones. They are distributed throughout the body and can show effects over long distances on: Growth Development Functions of many organs Coordination of metabolic processes The endocrine glands are organs, but who have no ducts, because they distribute their products directly into the blood or an autocrine or paracrine effect, however. Therefore, there is at this tissue with a dense network of blood capillaries with windowed endothelium. Exocrine gland secretions free to oppose it with their inner or outer surfaces: on the skin, on the wall of the stomach or in the pancreatic ducts. The hormone-producing tissue can be divided into three groups: Purely endocrine glands, used exclusively for the production of hormones; Exo-endocrine glands, in addition to the hormones produced other exocrine secretions; Certain non-glandular tissue such as the autonomic nerves, which also secrete hormone-like substances =neuro secretion Location and Function of 3 Endocrine Glands Thyroid Developmentally, the thyroid gland goes out of the intestinal epithelium of the pharynx bottom out on the tongue base. This gland stands at the beginning of the development through the ducts thyroglossus still with the floor of the mouth in combination and is located in front of the trachea after a descent. Anatomically, the thyroid gland is composed of two lobes, which are on an isthmus that is sometimes formed as a real pyramidal lobe, in conjunction. Without thyroid hormones cannot live. The thyroid hormonetriiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4) are iodized. They work in almost all body cells and stimulate there on the energy metabolism. The thyroid itself is in terms of a control system by the hypothalamic hormone TRH (TSH-releasing hormone), and originating from the pituitary TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) in their function regulated (Hiller-Sturmhofel, 1998). Endocrine Pancreas The pancreas is an exo-endocrine organ by both digestive juices into the duodenum and releases hormones into the bloodstream. The endocrine portion, the islets of Langerhans are localized mainly in the pancreatic and stand out due to their brighter appearance. They secrete their secretions directly into the bloodstream. A distinction is to effect different types of cells: B cells: 60-80%, are used to produce insulin A cells: approximately 20%, and are therefore intended to antagonist to insulin D cells: about 2% serve to have an inhibitory effect on the A-and B-cells as well as on the exocrine pancreas. PP cells (pancreatic polypeptide): ~1-2% and inhibit pancreatic exocrine These islands consist of a net-like organization of several thousand epithelial cells arranged in groups and are crossed by numerous capillaries with windowed endothelium (Carter, n.d.) Pituitary The pituitary gland is located at the underside of the brain and is composed of three parts. In contrast, the anterior pituitary produces own hormones. The activity of its cells is determined by complex humeral and neural mechanisms regulated (= control hormones). It is above all the hypothalamic releasing and release-inhibiting hormones that play an important role (Drake, 2010)

Dells Successful Use of the Internet as a Selling Channel Essay

Dell's Successful Use of the Internet as a Selling Channel Dell are currently the worlds number one PC supplier, a position in the market they took from Compaq in April 2001. In short, the company’s success story is mainly down to their innovative direct business model, which pays particular attention to the selling process where Dell completely bypasses all intermediaries and/or middlemen. This is because Michael Dell believed they add little if no value to the end product, instead just gaining a considerable mark-up for selling the product. Hence, they became the first PC manufacturer to completely cut out retailers and instead sold customised computers directly to customers based on their exact specifications. This selling process began over the telephone and via catalogues but in 1996 Dell embarked on Internet based selling on their official website, Dell.com, providing customers the opportunity to buy desktops, notebooks and servers directly from them. In order to power online commerce successfully for any business, the basic technology required is the installation of servers and data-storage systems. The website Dell.com runs on industry standard Dell PowerEdge servers. These powerful servers are backed up by Dell/EMC Fibre Channel storage. Dell is therefore equipped with backup strategies in case any problems with the servers or software occur and are experienced. This is crucial, as users may begin to view this distribution channel as unreliable if breakdowns are recurrent and could detract them from not only buying from Dell.com but from anything from the company. According to company internal metrics, Dell.com is one of the most responsive web sites on the Internet, with an average download time of 1 second for a page. That briefly explains the technology used to power the website however customers can access it simply via an Internet browser, the most popular being Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Explorer. Dell’s direct business model (can be seen on the page three) may be simple in theory however it is very complicated executing it in reality. Building PC’s to order means that they must have the parts and components on hand to build a wide range of possible specifications over a short period of time (to ensure minimum time between order and manufacture). To complete these orders quickly, Dell must have first-rate manufacturing and ... ...ffective they are. As mentioned, customer service has also improved from an already high standard even further. Dell has created many services online that enables the customer to see the whole purchasing process clearly once they have made an order. It gives the customer the ability to track the progress of their order as it is produced and delivered, providing them with constant feedback of delivery dates and product information. This 24-hour customer service and fast response time helps Dell build a strong relationship with customers. References ---------- The key references handed in earlier referred to the two links below: - http://www1.euro.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/home?c= uk&l=en&s=corp - http://www1.us.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/ en/2003/2003_10_20_rr_002?c=us&l=en&s=corp Further websites were found with useful detail on Dell’s direct selling model: - http://www.internetretailer.com/article.asp?id=6717 - http://www.microsoft.com/resources/casestudies/casestudy.asp?CaseStudy ID=14674 - http://www1.us.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/policy/en/policy? c=us&l=en&s=gen&~ck=lf&~section=006

Pros and Cons on Death Penalty Essay

Ms. Pat Johnson ENG-099 Pros and Cons of Assisted Suicide: Argument Essay When death is knocking at your door, do you answer or ignore the call? Unfortunately, some people answer the call willingly. Euthanasia is painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. All motives are compassionate for a patient, whether the killing is by a direct action, such as a lethal injection, or by failing to perform an action necessary to maintain life. The euthanasia movement started in l935 in Britain, in l938 in the U S A, and in l980 in Canada (catholicapologetics). Opinion polls show average support of 60 percent in the USA, 74 percent in Canada, and 80 percent in Britain (catholicapologetics). Many people disagree that death is a decision upon GOD but, why make a person suffer more pain being alive? Today, many people are against euthanasia because; they feel that it is murder. This is because there are certain cons of euthanasia that compel them to think this way. Firstly, medical science has made great advancements in the recent years. There is almost always a cure available for a disease. So euthanasia should not be kept as a viable option. One of the other cons of euthanasia is that sometimes there is pressure from family members who want to induce death for their own gains. The doctor may get influenced by the ideas that are put forward by them. In that case it becomes very difficult to decide whether euthanasia was completely necessary or was influenced by the family members. Sometimes even medical science cannot predict with certainty the fate of a patient. In such cases, euthanasia would mean snatching away the chances of a patient’s survival. There are many cases where mercy killing has often been misused. To prevent such manhandling euthanasia should be prohibited. Something that concerns the life of a person should not be left in the open for people to play around with.

Essay about Experience of an Immigrant - 2176 Words

When I was deliberating topics for my case study ethnography report I was inspired to examine some one very close to me who is undocumented, someone whose experience I have seen first hand, some one who has affected my life and understanding of immigrants with his situation; my partner, Mario. This class has exposed us to many writings on the subjects of migration, immigration and emigration. I began to compare the concepts and information in the readings to Mario’s personal situation. I was curious if his answer would be In search of a better life when asked, Why did you come here? By offering personal insights and experiences regarding his/our situation I would like to discuss issues directly related to the expected learning†¦show more content†¦Although some of his brothers and sisters had already moved out and began families of their own, his mother was left to support eight children with no benefits from any Mexican welfare agency or life insurance policies. The remaining family members decided the only way enough money could be made to support them was for some one to go to work in America. With no papers or legal documents one of Mario’s brothers made his way to Los Angeles, California. He found a job working in a garment factory that historically hired undocumented workers at low wages. At that point his family became one of the recipients of the $5 billion dollars of remittances that Mexicans received in 1991 according to the chart presented in the article; Remittances, US Latino Communities, and Development in Latin American Countries i n Migration World News Vol. 28(5) in 2000, written by B. Lindsay Lowell, Rodolfo de la Garza and Mike Hogg. His brother began to regularly send home $100 a month. At his low wages this was a considerable percentage of his income. At this point he mirrored the Tongans in Voyages From Tongan Villages to American Suburbs, written by Cathy A. Small. 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Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis - 1082 Words

Born 1883 in Prague, to a middle class Jewish family, Franz Kafka earned his doctorate in law but was known for his many works of literature. Despite not having published his three major novels Kafka’s work is highly admired around the world especially his novella â€Å"The Metamorphosis.† The Metamorphosis is based on a salesman named Gregor Samsa, who lives with his family in an apartment near a busy city-street. Samsa was also known as the provider of his family, until he turned into a monstrous cockroach. Kafka uses Gregors transformation to infiltrate a more significant metamorphosis of Samsa’s family. It is Gregor who remains highly unchanged as the rest of his family endures extreme change from being dependent and sympathetic to independent and malicious. In the beginning Samsa’s family is terrorized by Samsa’s transformation and each has a different reaction towards the outcome, moreover start to act and treat Samsa differently due to his physical state as a cockroach. We first encounter change in Samsa’s family when Samsa reveals his new identity as a cockroach while he’s preparing for work , his mother screeched â€Å"Help, Oh please God, Help me!† as she backed up and left the coffee gushing all over the carpet (514). Gregor’s mother’s reaction indicates fear and that she no longer saw Gregor as her son but rather as a monster. Gregor’s mother isn’t the only one acting differently but also Gregor’s father. Gregor’s father is outraged and shows no remorse towards Gregor .Show MoreRelatedThe Metamorphosis Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis1663 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Metamorphosis Franz Kafka tells the story of a young man named Gregor who observes the radi cal changes in his life after transforming into an insect. Gregor’s life was centered on his job as a traveling salesperson and his family. One morning Gregor woke up transformed into an insect. Afraid of the transformation Gregor stays in his room and ignores calls from his family. 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Franz Kafka’s novella is not about a dictator but it alludes to a person close to Franz that was as close to a dictator that he ever go to. Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, is about a young man that wakes up one day and is a vermin and has to maneuver around his home and come to terms with his six itchy legs. It probably sounds like a load of fictitious ramblings that somehow became a classical novel. Wrong! Look a little closer and the secret message Franz Kafka wrote for his fatherRead M oreFranz Kafka s The Metamorphosis882 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Metamorphosis† is a surreal story by Franz Kafka surrounding the transformation and betrayal of Gregor Samsa, who wakes up one day, reborn into a large insect. Along with the bizarre and nightmarish appearance of his new hard back, brown segmented belly, and many legs, Gregor only desire is to live a normal life, unfortunately, this is impossible because he struggles to even get out of bed. 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Throughout the story, the Samsa family struggle to balance their own lives and the sympathy for Gregor, the only son, as his transformation from human to cockroach leaves a burden on the family and results in the loss of Gregor’s humanity. Despite the fact that Gregor had been the sole income of the family, the loss of humanity from becoming a cockroach was overwhelming to the family, resulting in selfish tendencies. Kafka displays how humans are

Why People Commit Crimes And Explain How Judiciary...

When we were little children, an adult would ask you what you want to be when you grow up. Most children want to be dancers, singers, doctors, lawyers, etc. I always wanted to be a lawyer and advance to being a judge. Now that I am older, the judicial system is where I need to be, just not a prosecutor or judge. I have changed my mind about being a prosecutor and judge because it is too political. I would be fair. However, I would not make a very good political candidate. Even though each professional holds a specific job that they must perform, there are issues that must be resolved. Professionals in the judiciary branch of the government, including prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges, they must execute justice by upholding†¦show more content†¦Because judiciary professionals face three main issues on a regular basis, the judge is responsible for coming up with a decision. The prosecutor is responsible for having enough evidence to pursue a trial. â€Å"The prosecutor is the representative of the state and wields tremendous power† (Wright, 2012). The defense attorney is responsible for proving beyond a shadow and a doubt that the client is innocent. â€Å"The job of the defense attorney is, by any standard, difficult. It is difficult for a variety of reasons. First, defendants often talk to the police without an attorney present. When they do this, they themselves in crimes and to provide police with evidence that can later be used against them. Second, defense attorneys often handle so many cases that it is simply impossible for them to understand the details of each case. To manage the large number of criminal cases they are responsible for, defense attorneys often have little choice but to spend only a few minutes with each defendant and to base their legal recommendations on the information they receive from their clients and the prosecutor’s office. Third, most of the defendants in the criminal justice system are f rom the lower socioeconomic classes. These defendants sometimes do not fully understand their legal rights, nor do they have resources to hire expert witnesses or to investigate the evidence obtained by the

The School of Athens free essay sample

Raphael’s â€Å"School of Athens† fresco is one of the four frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura , in the Vatican. The walls are covered with four different scenes, each depicting a different theme. The School of Athens represents Philosophy. The techniques and figures used in the fresco not only pay homage to Raphael’s influences, but are also a presentation of the skills acquired from each. Almost as though he was submitting it for approval. As Raphael traveled throughout Italy, he formed relationships with, and learned a great deal from the masters of the age. In the School of Athens, Raphael depicts his teachers and influences in disguise and presents the skills learned from each. It is because of these influences and the creativity of Raphael’s own mind that he joins his teachers as one of the greats. The Stanza della Segnatura contained apartments for Pope Julius II, who commissioned Raphael to paint them. We will write a custom essay sample on The School of Athens or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Vatican patrons say, â€Å"The Stanza della Segnatura was to be Julius library, Bibiotheca Iulia, which would house a small collection of books intended for his personal use. † The frescoes depict four themes, Philosophy, Theology, Poetry and Law. All of the frescoes show heavy influence from his predecessors as well as his contemporaries. Raphael learned much from his travels around Italy and from studying with his master Perugino in his native town of Urbino. From Perugino, he learned oil painting and how to manipulate figures. Raphael’s earliest intact altarpiece, the Mond Crucifixion, â€Å"is remarkably close to Perugino, in the lightly posed figures, which are meek and decorous in gesture and sweet in expression, in its linear elegance and atmospheric distant hills, which are bare but for soft clumps and individual trees as light as columns of smoke. All details of the formal language—crooked little fingers, solid scaly wings, hooked drapery folds—derive from Perugino, and Raphael also imitated Perugino’s technique of painting, largely in an oil medium. † He built his reputation by these altarpieces and other pieces commissioned by the Court of Urbino. This was still early in Raphael’s career. Upon traveling to Florence and meeting Leonardo Da Vinci, his style expanded once again. There were other artists in Florence that aided Raphael while he was busy honing his style. One in particular, Fra Bartolommeo, most noticeably influenced Raphael’s technique. From him Raphael learnt to replace the fragile grace of Perugino with a more measured movement, far ampler draperies, more gravity and grandeur. † Raphael also studied sculpture while in Florence. He poured over the many great works of both Donatello and Michelangelo. His drawings are great examples of how Raphael’s technique had changed once being introduced to the sculptures by the masters. His most obvious influence was Leonardo. Raphael honed in on Leonardo’s compositional elements and incorporated them into most of his work. For example, Leonardo’s basic pyramid can be seen in most of Raphael’s work around and after this period, â€Å"the example of Leonardo’s compositional ideas lies behind not only Raphael’s portrait of Maddalena Doni (Paris, Louvre) but the Florentine paintings of the full-length groups of the Holy Family in a landscape, in which the figures are arranged into a pyramid or cone with each part retaining a dynamic and organic relationship to the others. † Raphael’s â€Å"Madonna of the Meadow† is an example of how he began shaping his compositions after Leonardo’s pyramid. After study of these works and artists, Raphael’s pieces became more sophisticated. His understanding of emotion and depiction of action grew. His pieces now made more compositional sense. At only twenty-seven years old Raphael set upon the task of covering the Pope’s four walls. The figures in the School of Athens are noticeably turning, twisting, bending, and moving. This feat would not have been possible without the influence of Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel ceiling. This change is Raphael’s style began after the preliminary unveiling of the ceiling. Raphael’s figures began to be more voluminous and hulking, similar to the Sybils on the Ceiling. An online art archive explained, â€Å"Following the preliminary unveiling of the Sistine ceiling in 1509, the figures in Raphaels pictures acquire more voluminous bodies and more powerful arms, and there is a reduction in their numbers. The bold twisting position adopted by the young woman in the Expulsion of Heliodorus a pose which reappears in reverse in Raphaels late work, the Transfiguration would be inconceivable without the influence of Michelangelo. All doubt can be removed when comparing Raphael’s figures to those of Michelangelo’s Sybils on the Sistine Ceiling. â€Å"Any question as to the cause of the widely-acknowledged sudden change in Raphaels style after 1509 is removed for good, however, when we compare the Sibyls and Prophets executed by Raphael in the Capella Chigi in S. Maria della Pace (1512) with those by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel. In addition to the thematic kinship of these frescos with Michelangelo, Raphaels new approach to body volumes and twisting poses makes patently clear the enormous impact which the Sistine ceiling had made upon him. Raphael’s Triumph of Galatea also portrayed women, as well as men, as hulking and voluminous figures. Once again, Michelangelo’s influence is apparent and the glory of antiquity is present. Galatea’s face, however, resembles the characteristics of Leonardo’s angel in Verrocchio’s Baptism of Christ. Said of Galatea’s face, â€Å"its hint of shyness and innocence, as if she were utterly unaware of her physical charms; the expression of devotion on her face,† showed signs of Da Vinci. Also noticeable in the Triumph of Galatea by Raphael is the appearance of diagonal lines. The arrows seem to point diagonally and some bodies are twisting in a diagonal direction. This could possibly be Raphael showing off the fact that he understands movement of the human body and is now able to recreate it in paint. Though Michelangelo’s influence on Raphael’s work was obvious, Raphael placed his figure lower in priority in the School of Athens fresco. Upon observing the placement of figures and characters more closely in the fresco, I realized that there might be some sort of unspoken priority in Raphael’s mind. Plato, otherwise looked at as Leonardo Da Vinci, was probably Raphael’s biggest influence. Thus, understandably his figure is one of the two focal points of the fresco located in the center. It is as if Raphael is showing us who were most important to him, through his work. Perugino is located next to Raphael’s portrait to the far right of the piece. As his first teacher, there must be some sort of kinship associated with Perugino, thus explaining why he’s sitting closest to Raphael. Bramante is portrayed as one of the Greek mathematicians, Euclid or Archimedes, because he was an architect. There is a crowd of students around this figure, drawing the viewer’s attention to this assumed portrait of Bramante. Bramante was the architect of St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City and a good friend of Raphael’s. It is said that the building in which â€Å"The School of Athens† is depicted is the blueprint for St. Peter’s. Raphael placed the scene there to possibly pay homage to his friendship with Bramante. The figure of Heroclitus, also seen as the portrait of Michelangelo, can be examined several ways. My conclusion is that Raphael was greatly influenced by Michelangelo’s work and technique, but still there was a rivalry between them due to different views on art. Raphael acknowledges both of these feelings in his portrayal of Michelangelo by placing him near the middle of the fresco, however, he is singled out as a loner and â€Å"a dirty old man† in tattered clothes. Raphael’s â€Å"School of Athens† is a bit more complicated than it appears. Raphael disguises his influences as historical figures associated with the wall theme of â€Å"Philosophy. † When further analyzing the position of the figures, the viewer is able to draw conclusions about the importance of each. Raphael’s biggest influences, Perugino, Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Bramante, are the most prominent figures. Their influence is not only shown with their presence in the fresco, but Raphael’s technique shows evident similarities as well. The hulking and voluminous figures of Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel Ceiling are kin to Raphael’s figures in the â€Å"School of Athens. † Though Raphael acknowledged Michelangelo’s influence on his technique, he also made note of their rivalry by placing him in tattered clothes and toward the bottom of the fresco. Raphael’s work was full of pyramids courtesy of Leonardo, and he acknowledged this by making Leonardo one of the focal points. Keeping all these points in mind, it interesting to note that Raphael tells multiple stories without words in his fresco â€Å"The School of Athens. † â€Å"Raphael’s School of Athens† 2 Nicholas Penny. Raphael. Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. 17 Nov. 2009 . 3 Nicholas Penny. Raphael. Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. 17 Nov. 2009 . 4 Nicholas Penny. Raphael. Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. 17 Nov. 2009 . 5 Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio) http://www. artchive. com/artchive/R/raphael. html 6 Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio) 7 Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio)